Women in Formula 1

Whilst Formula 1 is a notoriously male-dominated section of motorsport, there have been a handful of women who have competed in a Grand Prix.

There have 5 official drivers who have entered a Grand Prix, including:

Maria Teresa de Filippis

Maria Teresa de Filippis was an Italian racing driver, and is accredited as the first woman to race in Formula One. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, making her debut on the 18th of May, 1958, however, she failed to score any Championship points.

De Filippis began her racing career at the age of 22, winning her debut race – a 10km drive between Salerno and Cava de’Tirreni – in a Fiat 500. She progressed to the Italian Sports Car Championship, finishing second in the 1954 season. After observing her potential, Maserati hired her as a works driver.

In the following years, de Filippis undertook various motor racing events, including hill-climbing and endurance racing – her best result being second place in a sports car race supporting the 1956 Naples Grand Prix.

In 1958, de Filippis was given the chance to drive a Formula One car. Although Maserati was once a successful Formula One chassis manufacturer supplying several teams and winning numerous races (providing Juan Manuel Fangio the Maserati 250F, which aided the Argentinian driver to win the Drivers’ title in 1957), the team had officially withdrawn from the sport by 1958 – although many of the cars remained available for use to privateers.

De Filippis was given the opportunity to enter the second round of the 1958 Formula One season, the Monaco Grand Prix, in one of the 250Fs. Only half of the 31 entries set a time fast enough to qualify for the actual Grand Prix, with de Filippis missing out alongside fellow debutant and future Formula One Manage and Administration president Bernie Ecclestone, after setting a time of 1:50.8 – some 5.8 seconds behind the qualifying time of the fastest 16 which included future World Champions Mike Hawthorn, Jack Brabham and Graham Hill.

The 1958 Belgian Grand Prix allowed all drivers to compete with no cut-off for a qualifying time. De Filippis qualified in 19th place, nearly 34 seconds off the pole position time and only ahead of the last qualifier after their car was mechanically-hindered during the session. Although she was eventually lapped twice in the 24 lap race, de Filippis managed to finish, albeit in 10th and last place after nine other drivers failed to finish, in what would resultantly be her only complete race.

At the following race, the French Grand Prix on the 6th of July 1958, de Filippis was prevented from competing. In an interview from 2006, she claimed that the race director dismissed her from the proceedings by telling her that “the only helmet a woman should wear is the one at the hairdresser’s”.

De Filippis qualified in last place for the 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix, more than 15 seconds slower than the car ahead of her. Her race lasted a total of six laps before her engine failed and she was forced to retire. She later went on to start her home Grand Prix at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza from last place, completing 57 of the 70 laps before again having to retire with engine problems – she was classified as eighth as she was the 14th and final retirement out of 21 cars.

In 1959, de Filippis joined the Behra-Porsche RSK team, entering the Monaco Grand Prix of that year yet she failed to qualify – crossing the line three seconds off the lowest qualifying pace and a further one second behind her teammate Wolfgang von Trips.

Maria Teresa de Filippis retired from professional racing following the death of Porsche team leader Jean Behra in a racing accident on the 1st of August, 1959, whilst driving in the sports car support race for the 1959 German Grand Prix.

Lella Lombardi

Maria ‘Lella’ Lombardi was an Italian racing driver who participated in 17 Formula One World Championship Grand Prix events. Lombardi is one of two female drivers to qualify for Formula One and is the only female driver who scored points in the series.

After developing a taste for racing after driving a delivery van for her family, she briefly raced in karts as a child, before buying her first car in 1965 and beginning her racing career in Formula Monza. She progressed to Formula Three in 1968, before signing to drive the Shellsport-Luxembourg Lola in Formula 5000 for the 1974 season – finishing fourth.

Initially, Lombardi attempted to qualify for Formula One with a privately entered Brabham with support by the Italian Automobile Club, but failed to qualify. In 1975, Lombardi was invited to join Vitorrio Brambilla  and Hans-Joachim Stuck on the March engineering team, racing the full season with Vittorio Zanon’s Lavazza Coffee Company’s sponsorship.

At the opening race of the season in South Africa, Lombardi became the first woman, since Maria Teresa de Filippis in 1958, to qualify for a Grand Prix. Lombardi went on to score half a Championship point in the Spanish Grand Prix of that year, after the race only lasted 23 laps – due to Rolf Stommelen’s Embassy Hill suffering from a broken rear wing, sending the car into the barrier before going airborne and killing five spectators. Lombardi finished in sixth-place and, with the race being stopped before three-fourths of the scheduled race distance was reached, all points were halved.

Further successful performances at other races, including the German Grand Prix at the Nurburgring, where she finished seventh, allowed Lombardi to have a one-off drive for Williams at the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen – although she was prevented from starting due to an ignition problem.

In 1976, Lombardi was confirmed to race at March Engineering alongside Brambilla and Stuck, however, the team decided to replace her with Ronnie Peterson after she finished 14th at the Brazilian Grand Prix of that year.

Lombardi later went on to race in sports cars, winning the 6 Hours of Pergusa and the 6 Hours of Vallelunga in 1979. She also competed in the 24 Hours of Le Mans four times, finishing 20th in 1976 in a Lancia Stratos Turbo. She retired from racing in 1988, before founding her own racing team, Lombardi Autosport, in 1989.

Divina Galica

Divina Galica is a British sports woman who competed in four Winter Olympics as a skier, whilst also pursuing a career in motorsport, entering three Formula One World Championship Grand Prixs.

After accepting an invitation to a celebrity auto race, Galica surprised everyone with her driving talent. She took up motorsport as a second career as a result, initially racing karts before moving into Formula Two and Formula One. Galicia later found further success in sports cars and trucks.

She was taken under the wings of John Webb and Nick Whiting, who entered her into the British Shellsport International Group 9 series in 1976, piloting a Surtees TS16 Formula One car. Whiting decided to enter Galica for that year’s British Grand Prix – a notable appearance as the first time in 13 years that a car had been entered in a World Championship Grand Prix using the supposedly unlucky number 13 – with Galica going on to fail to qualify for the race.

For 1977, Whiting acquired a second-hand Surtees TS19 in order to enter Galica in the British Formula One Championship. Despite lacking the technical expertise required to set the car up for each race, Whiting managed to secure sponsorship from Olympus Cameras – increasing the teams budget substantially from the £10,000 they started the season with – part way through the season, and Galica managed to place third at the Brands Hatch and second at the Donnington Park rounds.

At the beginning of the 1978 Formula One season, Hesketh offered Galica the opportunity to race for the team in the Hesketh 308E. She moved teams with the Olympus sponsorship, however, failed to qualify for either of the 1978 World Championship season’s first two races. Galicia returned to the British Shellsport Championship – now a Formula One series – taking second place at the Zandvoort round. A second entry later in the season, this time in a McLaren M23, only produced a seventh-place finish.

Galicia switched her attention to the Thundersports S2000 sports car class, taking a number of top ten finishes. She later became a racing instructor with Skip Barber Racing Schools, before becoming Senior Vice President of Skip Barber Racing, managing both its driving school and racing series. In 2005, she announced she was leaving the team to work for iRacing.com as a director of the company.

Desire Wilson

Desire Wilson is a former racing driver from South Africa and one of only five women to have competed in Formula One. 

Since 1978, Wilson has been recognised as the most accomplished female racing driver in the world. To date, she is the only woman to have been licensed to drive in a CART Indycars event, as well as holding a FIA Super Licence. In 1980, she won both the Monza 1000km and the Silverstone 6 Hours World Championship for Makes race, thereby becoming the first female to have outright victories in any FIA World Championship race. 

In 1967, at the age of twelve, Wilson finished second in the South African nationals, driving midget cars. By 1972, she made her full racing debut, finishing fourth in her first season of the South African Formula Vee Championship. After two further seasons in Formula Vee, finishing fourth and runner-up, Wilson moved to the South African Formula Ford Championship in 1975, winning the title, before defending the title the following season, as well as securing the “Driver to Europe” award.

In 1977, she competed mainly in Formula Ford 200 races, in the Benelux and British Championships, finishing third and fourth respectively in the standings, winning races at Zandvoort and Colmar-Berg.

Wilson became the only woman to win a Formula One race of any kind when she won at Brands Hatch in the short-lived British Aurora F1 Championship (most times abbreviated to British F1) in 1980. As a result of this achievement, she has a grandstand at Brands Hatch named after her. (In Katie’s opinion this is the best (and cheapest) grandstand at the Brand Hatch circuit when watching events on the Indy Circuit). She went on to enter one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix in 1980 with a non-works RAM Racing-prepared Williams FW07, however she failed to qualify. 

She also raced in the 1981 non-World Championship South African Grand Prix in a one-off deal with Tyrrell Racing – this race was not part of the 1981 World Championship due, in part, to the FISA-FOCA war (a political battle by two now-defunct representative organisations in Formula One motor racing). After qualifying in 16th place, the car stalled at the start of the race before Wilson moved up through the field in the wet conditions. As the track dried, she once again fell down the order before damaging the car after touching the wall whilst allowing the race leader through.

Following her attempts in Formula One, Wilson participated in other disciplines of motor racing including CART (Championship Auto Racing Teams), and sports car racing. Wilson also entered the Indianapolis 500 three times in 1982, 1983 and 1984, however, she failed to qualify for any.

Giovanna Amati

Giovanna Amati is an Italian former professional racing driver, becoming the fifth and last female Formula One driver when she signed for Brabham.

To improve her driving skills, Amati attended a motor racing school together with future F1 driver Elio de Angelis. She began her professional racing career in the Formula Abarth series in 1981, winning several times over the following four years. In 1985-86, she progressed to Italian Formula Three, again going on to secure several wins. In 1987, she graduated to Formula 3000, entering three races but only qualifying once at Donington.

In 1988, she competed again in F3000 with Lola, managing to secure two 10th places at Monza and Jerez. She returned to Europe in 1990 – after a brief period in the Super Formula Championship – racing for Roni Motorsports for the first four rounds, Lola for Round Five, and Cobra Motorsports for the five remaining races.

In 1991, Amati joined GJ Motorsports for the entire season, qualifying for six rounds and managing to score a couple non-point paying top-ten finishes. By the end of that year, she had tested a Formula One car for the first time, completing 30 laps in a Benetton.

Amati signed with Brabham in the January of 1992, partnering Eric van de Poele, as a result of the team failing to sign Japanese F3000 drive Akihiko Nakaya – he was not granted a superlicence due to the FIA not recognising the Japanese F3000 series as a stepping stone in motor racing. Amati was the first female driver to enter a Formula One race since Desire Wilson in 1980.

Her inexperience in the top-tier of motorsport showed on the track during the South African Grand Prix, as she spun a total of six times during Practice and was unable to qualify for the race after setting a time nine seconds slower than pole sitter Nigel Mansell. At the Mexican Grand Prix, Amati failed to qualify again, setting a time more than 10 seconds slower than Mansell.

Amati’s final attempt to qualify for a Formula One race was at the Brazilian Grand Prix. both herself and her teammate van de Poele lapped slower than Mansell by 10 and 6 seconds respectively, and were both excluded from the race. Brabham sacked Amati, replacing her with the future 1996 World Champion Damon Hill – who failed to qualify for the next five races until he successfully qualified for the 1992 British Grand Prix.

Amati went on to compete in various other Championships in motorsport, winning the Women’s European Championship in 1993 in the Porsche SuperCup. Following her retirement from motorsport, Amati briefly worked as a sport commentator, writing columns for Italian motorsport publications and providing television commentary.

Test and development driver

There have been a number of female drivers who have participated in non-competition testing and evaluation sessions with Formula One teams, including: Indycar driver Sarah Fisher who performed a demonstration run with McLaren after the first practice session for the 2002 United States Grand Prix, and Katherine Legge who tested with Minardi at the Vallelunga Circuit in 2005.

Other female drivers have been contracted to Formula One teams in testing and development capacities. 

In 2012, Williams signed Susie Wolff as a development and test driver. Two years later, Wolff became the first woman to take part in a Formula One race weekend in 22 years, when she participated in the first Practice session at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone.

Maria di Villota, the daughter of Spanish Formula One driver Emilio de Villota, was hired for Marussia as a test driver until her crash at the Duxford Aerodrome in 2012 during a straight line test – an official report compiled by the Health and Safety Executive concluded she had not received full guidance on how to stop the car and was caught out by its anti-stall system.

In 2014, Sauber signed IndyCar Series driver Simona de Silverstro as an “affiliated driver”, with the goal of having her compete in 2015 – this never came to fruition as the team suspended de Silvestro’s driving chances due to contractual troubles. She later joined Andretti’s Formula E team for the Championship’s double-header finale in London in 2015, going on to sign with the team full-time for the 2015-16 season, becoming the first female driver to score points in Formula E with a 9th place finish at the 2016 Long Beach ePrix.

Sauber signed Colombian driver Tatiana Calderon as a development driver for 2017. She was promoted from her development driver role to test driver for the 2018 season, going on to test an F1 car for the first time with Sauber in Mexico in October of 2018.

In 2019, the Williams Driver Academy signed the leading W Series contender Jamie Chadwick as a development driver for the Williams F1 team. She later went on to win the 2019 W Series, 2021 W Series, and the 2022 W Series Championship titles, before continuing as a Williams development driver from 2022.

Jessica Hawkins was announced as the driver ambassador for the Aston Martin F1 Team in 2021. In September of 2023, Hawkins tested the Aston Martin AMR21 over 26 laps at the Hungaroring, becoming the first female driver to test an F1 car since Tatiana Calderon. In November of that year, Aston Martin announced that Hawkin’s role within the team would be extended as the team’s head of racing for F1 Academy, where she works with Aston Martin’s F1 Academy representative Tina Hausmann.

Notable Female Personnel

Following Susie Wolff’s retirement from racing at the end of 2015, her pioneering work in motorsport did not end there, with the Scottish former racer co-founding the non-profit ‘Dare to be Different’ organisation in 2016, with the aim to increase the participation of women in motorsport. She joined Formula E in 2018 as the Team Principal of Venturi Racing, before being promoted to the role of CEO in 2021. She remained in this role until 2022, before becoming the Managing Director of F1 Academy in 2023.

Monisha Kaltenborn made history when she was appointed the CEO of Sauber in 2010, going on to become the sport’s first ever female Team Principal in 2012. She had worked within the team for many years as head of their legal department before taking over the role when the team owner Peter Sauber retired. She also became part owner in 2011 after buying shares in the team. Kaltenborn left her position in 2017 after overseeing the running of the team for several seasons.

Claire Williams is a British former motorsport executive who was the deputy team principal of the Williams Formula One racing team from 2013 to 2020. She is one of only two women to have ever managed teams in Formula One. In 2023, she became a brand ambassador for WAE Technologies.

Hannah Schmitz is the Principal Strategy Engineer for Red Bull Racing. She obtained a Master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cambridge. Following her graduation, Schmitz began her career working for Red Bull as a Modelling and Strategy Engineer – mainly researching and developing new simulation techniques and maintaining simulation tools for analysis, producing regular testing reports on past performances and future strategies. She progressed to the role of Senior Strategy Engineer in 2011, playing a key role in Red Bull Racing’s live strategy at the Grand Prix’s, before being promoted to Principal Strategy Engineer.

Formula 1 will also see another historic first after Laura Muller was announced to be Esteban Ocon’s race engineer at Haas for the 2025 season. She has a plethora of experience, having worked in various high-level motorsport series, including the World Endurance Championship (WEC), where she spent two years working in LMP2, LMP3, DTM and GT3 classes.

Schemes to change the disparity

FIA Women in Motorsport

The Women in Motorsport Commission was created in 2009 in order to:

• Demonstrate that women are recognised by the highest body responsible for motorsport.
• Show that motorsport is open to women in all of its aspects, whether as competitors, officials, team managers, engineers, mechanics, etc.
• Promote the place of women in motorsport through media, international events, partners and stakeholders.
• Develop social and educational programmes, in order to encourage greater participation of women in motorsport.
• Make young women (drivers, officials, professionals, customers) aware of road safety issues.

It has more than 70 national representatives in the world that have been appointed by their National Sporting Authorities. Their ambassadors include:

• Michele Mouton – Honorary Ambassador, Women in Motorsport Commission President and Member of the World Motor Sport Council.
• Silvia Bellot – Volunteers and Officials Representative, FIA Steward.
• Jutta Kleinschmidt – Rally drivers and co-drivers Representative, Dakar Rally Winner.
• Leena Gade – Engineers and Mechanics Representative, First Female Race Engineer to win 24 Hours of Le Mans.
• Claire Williams – Leading Managers Representative, Williams Martini Racing Deputy Team Principal.
• Susie Wolff – Circuit Drivers Representative – Former DTM and Williams F1 development driver, Founder of Dare To Be Different, Team Principal of the Venturi Formula E.

FIA Girls on Track 

Girls on Track is a project designed to empower young girls and promote gender equality in an innovative, engaging and positive manner. The initiative encourage females to get involved in the world of motorsports by inviting girls aged 8-18 to the track to discover the industry in more detail and learn about the opportunities that are available to them. It aims to provide activities to engage girls across three key topics: Education, Career and Racing.

Last year, Formula E expanded its FIA Girls on Track experiences to local women aged 12-18 at all race locations, delivering 27 events across 11 race weekends both at the track and within the communities. For Season 11, the program aims to support the growing demand of young women who are seeking opportunities and support to pursue careers in motorsport.

For more information click HERE to redirect to the Formula E website.

More than Equal

More than Equal aims to find the first female Formula 1 World Champion through the use of data-driven research and evidence-based innovation. This new motorsport initiative was founded by former Red Bull F1 driver David Coulthard and entrepreneur and philanthropist Karel Komarek, aiming to use a scientific-led framework in order to understand how female-specific factors, such as the menstrual cycle and overall physiology, impact high-level performance in drivers.

The research is being led by Manchester Metropolitan’s Centre of Excellence for Women in Sport and will focus on key elements of performance such as strength (including neck strength which is critical for racing), power, cognition, and endurance. The young athletes will also receive guidance on nutrition and performance psychology, with the goal of recruiting hundreds of drivers to take part in the research in the coming years.

W Series/F1 Academy

W Series

W Series was an all-female single-seater racing Championship, held over a total of three seasons in 2019, 2021 and 2022 (a planned season in 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic), before it fell into administration and was later liquidated. All three editions were won by Jamie Chadwick.

The W Series was launched on the 19th of October 2018, being created in response to the lack of female drivers progressing to the highest levels of motorsport, particularly Formula One.

The inaugural season was run in support of the 2019 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) – a touring car championship based in Germany – with all cars operated by Hitech Grand Prix. The season consisted of six rounds that were held at six different circuits, two in Germany and four in other European countries. Prior to the season starting, 61 drivers were longlisted to appear in an evaluation with 54 showing up. This was then cut to a 28-driver shortlist who would get to test the competitions’ Tatuus-Alfa Romeo F3 T-318 cars before the final 18 permanent drivers and two reserves were confirmed.

Pos.	Driver	Points
1.	Jamie Chadwick	110
2.	Beitske Visser	100
3.	Alice Powell	76
4.	Marta Garcia	66
5.	Emma Kimilainen	53

The calendar for the 2020 season was announced in early 2020, with six European rounds in support of the DTM and two events in North America supporting Formula One. The initial drivers’ list confirmed that the top twelve finishers from the 2019 Championship automatically qualified for the 2020 series joined by six new recruits. The 2020 season was eventually cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a 10-event eSports series being held on the iRacing platform instead. Beitske Visser won the eSports League with a round to spare having won 11 of the 30 races.

The 2021 season featured eight races, and was run in support of the 2021 Formula One World Championship. It was initially planned to be held at eight separate venues, however, the proposed finale in Mexico was cancelled after Formula One postponed the Mexican Grand Prix, and it was replaced with an extra race in Austin. The series switched from receiving technical support from Hitech to Double R Racing, whilst also introducing a ‘team’ system based around commercial entrants for financial and identification purposes.

Pos.	Driver	Points
1.	Jamie Chadwick	159
2.	Alice Powell	132
3.	Emma Kimilainen	108
4.	Nerea Marti	61
5.	Sarah Moore	56

The 2022 Championship continued to be run in support of Formula One, and was initially scheduled to feature eight races as well – the calendar was later extended to feature ten races, including double-headers to start and finish the season. The top eight drivers from the 2021 season automatically qualified for the 2022 season, including the return of double-champion Chadwick. A further five drivers were also retained from the previous season, being joined by five rookies.

Pos.	Driver	Points
1.	Jamie Chadwick	143
2.	Beitske Visser	93
3.	Alice Powell	86
4.	Abbi Pulling	73
5.	Belen Garcia	58

On the 15th of June 2023, it was reported that the series had gone into administration following the struggle with financial issues. All series employees were made redundant and assets including 19 Tatuus-Alfa Romeo F3 T-318s would be sold in the late-September of that year. At the time of closing, the company had profits totalling £515 and debts totalling £23 million owed to 151 creditors.

F1 Academy

F1 Academy is a female-only, Formula 4-level single-seater racing Championship founded by the Formula One group. The Championship is a spec series, meaning that all teams compete with an identical Tatuus F4-T421 chassis and tyre compounds developed by Pirelli. 

The Championship can trace its roots back to 2004, when Formula Woman was established due to the lack of female drivers in other series’. In 2019, the W Series was created for the same reason and was held over three seasons before battling financial issues which resulted in the series being put into administration and liquidated.

On the 18th of November 2022, Formula One announced the creation of F1 Academy, a racing series for women aiming to focus on developing and preparing young drivers to progress to higher levels of competition. The five teams that currently participate in the series include: ART Grand Prix, Campos Racing, Rodin Motorsport, MP Motorsport and Prema Racing, with Hitech Grand Prix set to join the series in 2025 as the sixth team.

For the 2023 season, Formula One subsidised the cost of each car, with the driver having to contribute €150,000 – this was subsequently reduced to €100,000 for the 2024 season. Also from 2024 onwards, all ten Formula One teams would support one driver each who would carry the livery of the team on their car, with the remaining five drivers being supported by the series’ partners.

F1 Academy drivers must be between the ages of 16 and 25, and cannot race for more than two seasons in the series. The Formula Regional European Championship (FRECA) guaranteed a fourth entry to any team that would sign a driver would finished P1, P2 or P3 in the F1 Academy Standings. The 2023 Champion Marta Garcia received a fully funded seat in the 2024 FRECA Championship, courtesy of F1 Academy, Prema Racing, Tatuus and Pirelli. FRECA is not the only route a driver can opt for to progress, as the series announced that “each season F1 Academy will work in close collaboration with the F1 Academy teams to support its winner in progressing up the motorsport ladder”. 2024 Drivers’ Champion Abbi Pulling received a fully funded seat in the 2025 season of the GB3 Championship with Rodin Motorsport.

2023 Standings

Pos.	Driver	Points
1.	Marta Garcia	278
2.	Lena Buhler	222
3.	Hamda Al Qubaisi	207
4.	Nerea Marti	181
5.	Abbi Pulling	175
6.	Amna Al Qubaisi	117
7.	Bianca Bustamante	116
8.	Jessica Edgar	114
9.	Emely de Heus	87
10.	Lola Lovinfosse	65

2024 Standings

Pos.	Driver	Points
1.	Abbi Pulling	338
2.	Doriane Pin	217
3.	Maya Weug	177
4.	Nerea Marti	136
5.	Hamda Al Qubaisi	133
6.	Chloe Chambers	122
7.	Bianca Bustamante	73
8.	Lia Block	44
9.	Carrie Schreiner	34
10.	Tina Hausmann	31

Formula E Women’s Only Test

Formula E announced that on the 7th of November at the Ricardo Tormo circuit in Valencia (later moved to Madrid due to the devastating floods that hit Valencia), the first-ever all-women test session of an FIA Championship would take place as part of the ABB FIA Formula E World Championship’s pre-season testing schedule.

The first-if-its-kind test would provide elite women racing drivers the opportunity to drive the new for Season 11 (2024/25) GEN3 Evo race car, in the same week that the 22 drivers and 11 teams that would be set to race in the official Championship would also test the car. Each of the race teams in the Championship would be required to field at least one female driver for the half-day test, although they encouraged the teams to field two.

With all the women on the track at the same time, the session aimed to create a platform for a wide pool of elite drivers that would otherwise not be able to get an opportunity to drive machinery at this level. The test also aimed to provide the women not only a destination but also a pathway to develop their careers and skills using current technology at its full potential.

Whilst at the track, the drivers would be set to partake in multiple media opportunities, including press conferences, briefings, interviews and capturing content for broadcast and social media on behalf of Formula E and their respective teams.